Success And Success John Wooden, An American Basketball...

Sintya Sintya Professor Wittlake English 112- 09:00 a.m. 28 April 2015 Achieving Success When we hear the word â€Å"success,† we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being successful is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is often primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach view success as â€Å"a peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in knowing you did your best to become the best you are capable of becoming† (JLP). John Wooden believes that the true measure of success comes simply when someone does the best that they can do, no matter what the outcome is. This shows that some people view success in a way that does not deal with wealth and money. Success is often considered the American Dream in which every individual has dreamt of achieving at some point in their life. Although this simple word can be defined in various ways, achieving success requires rigorous hard work, sacrifices, strong motivation, and a wild interpretation of success. Success is an interesting word to all of us; from the earliest age, even to the grave’s edge, we cannot be indifferent to it. The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines success as the fact of getting or achieving wealth (â€Å"Success†). However, an unknownShow MoreRelatedSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach view successRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Media on Sports in Usa4279 Words   |  18 PagesThe Negative Effects of Media on Sports I. Media and Sports Introduction A. John Wooden Quote B. The tendencies of the media THESIS: The media must take significant strides towards reforming the way they portray sports to change the current system of altering the ideals of athletes and diminishing the prestige of modern sports. II. History of media in sports III. Publication of shameful actions A. Celebrations B. Commercials C. XFL IV. Multimedia A. Cable Networks Read MoreImpooving Employee Performance72019 Words   |  289 PagesSecond Edition Donald L. 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But my favorite hobby is travelling. Usually I travel in summer and often it is a trip to the south, to the warm sea. I think all people must have other occupations besides their basic work, because it extends theRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesThree Ethical Decision Criteria 187 †¢ Improving Creativity in Decision Making 188 Summary and Implications for Managers 190 S A S A S A L L L Self-Assessment Library What Are My Gender Role Perceptions? 166 glOBalization! Chinese Time, North American Time 171 Myth or Science? Creative Decision Making Is a Right-Brain Activity 181 Self-Assessment Library Am I A Deliberate Decision Maker? 183 An Ethical Choice Whose Ethical Standards to Follow? 185 Self-Assessment Library How Creative Am I? 190Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesother subject, and it is not a book about what you ought to believe about some subject. Although many scientific studies of decision-making have shown that people tend to sift sources of information looking to reinforce existing views rather than to accept the view that is backed up with the better argument, our course is designed to combat this tendency. Facing a Decision as a Critical Thinker Imagine this situation. You are on a four-day backpacking trip in a national wilderness area with

New Zealand Red Cross Essay - 1666 Words

Red Cross started in 1859 and has become a global force to help individuals prepare, respond to and recover from adversity and challenges (Red Cross, 2010). Red Cross is an independent organization and with the aid of the governments, humanitarian objectives are met (Red Cross, 2010). New Zealand Red Cross is one of the largest humanitarian organization in the world and have over ten thousand volunteers, five thousand members, ninety branches and groups and four hundred eighty staff which are working to further improve the lives of vulnerable people locally and overseas (Red Cross, 2010). New Zealand Red Cross aims to alleviate and prevent suffering through enhancing human dignity. Making a real difference, immediate respond to conflicts, disasters and vulnerability locally and overseas are its focus. New Zealand Red Cross mission statement is â€Å"to improve the lives of vulnerable people by mobilising the power of humanity† (Mason, 2010). In order to mobilise the strength of humanity at home and internationally, there are services provided by the organization (Mason, 2010). One of the services is by volunteering in one of the retail shops in New Zealand, in example is in 191 Karangahape Road Red Cross retail shop Auckland 1010. This gives retail volunteers get useful work experience through on the job training. In addition, this could also serve as an opportunity to broaden their retail careers. In terms of staffing, it has seen that the transition of staffing is not thatShow MoreRelatedEssay about Pike River Mining Disaster1015 Words   |  5 Pagesthe 19th of September 2010, what was to become known as the Pike River Mining Disaster began in the close proximity to the town of Greymouth. At an occupied mine of 31 miners and contractors, an initial explosion occurred in the West Coast Region of New Zealand’s South Island at approximately 3:44pm. 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Interpersonal Relationships Communication Skills Development

Question: Discuss about the Interpersonal Relationships : Communication Skills Development. Answer: Introduction: The most likely cause of the issues in the workplace is the poor organizational culture. The culture of an organization is important as it enriches the interpersonal relationships (Arnold Boggs, 2015). It also motivates the employees to perform better. Hence, it is important to improve the organizational culture which would reduce the employee conflicts. Identification of possible solutions There can be three possible solutions which would be helpful in enhancing the organizational culture. The first solution is to implement transparency in the organization. The employees should be given an unfiltered insight of main operations of the company (Schnackenberg Tomlinson, 2016). It would make sure that the employees have authoritative voice in the management. It would also make the employees trust the organization. If the employees are aware of the fact that the organization is there to support them, there would be a reduction in the conflicts. This is one of the most important planning component which is embedded in the organizational culture. The organization should adopt clear channels of communication to implement transparency in the organization (Schnackenberg Tomlinson, 2016). There should be efficient and easy flow of communication between the members of the organization. This should be used to share success, share challenges and others. The second solution is to modify the company leadership which address the issue of diversity in a proper way. The diversity of the workforce should be used as a way to identify, develop and advance the talent rather than viewing it as a cause of conflict in the workplace (Madera, Dawson Neal, 2017). The leaders of the organization should be aware of the fact that they need to build accountability of the system and should adopt employee engagement activities. The managers should be motivated so that they can better manage the workforce and create an enriching work environment. The cultural differences in a diverse workforce should be addressed properly and mutually benefitting organizational polices should be formulated (Madera, Dawson Neal, 2017). The organizational culture should focus on the creation of a work environment which identifies the clear job role of the employees and identifies their unique value in the workplace. If the employees feel valued then they would be having cordial relationships with their colleagues as well as the organization as a whole. The third solution involves the analysis of the internal organizational culture with the help of SWOT analysis. The strengths, weakness, opportunities and threat of the organizations would help the managers to determine the current situation of the organization and how it can be improved (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). It is also helpful in determining the organizational areas which are beneficial or harmful from an organizational perspective. The identification of organizational weaknesses would give the organization an opportunity to convert them into strengths. The analysis of the organizational opportunities would help the organization in deciding their courses of action (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). This would help the organization to set up systems that enhance the current state of the organizational culture. Environmental factors There are several environment factors that affect the organizational culture and may also affect the solutions which are intended to improve it. The competitors can influence the organizational culture (Hogan Coote, 2014). A positive organizational culture in a competitors company can influence the cultural aspects of the host company. The customers can also influence the present growth, operations and the sustainability of the organization (Stevens Johnson, 2016). The political condition may cause a hindrance in the leadership process in the organization. The disturbing political situation may also cause an issue in managing the organizational culture. This would also hamper the focus of the senior management in dealing with the issue of organizational culture (Hogan Coote, 2014). The external environment factors have a significant influence on the enriching culture of the organization. Most appropriate solution The second solution should be implemented for improving the organizational culture and the behaviour of the employees in the organization. There should be effective leadership which would be given topmost priority. The leadership would be considered as important factor in addressing the issue of workplace diversity. There should be focus on enriching the interpersonal relationships that would maximise the organizational productivity. The senior management would also be instrumental in devising employee friendly policies which would be beneficial for the organization. This would also increase the productivity of the organization and the organization would be able to achieve its vision. This would also be able to improve the competitive position of the company. References Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015).Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hogan, S. J., Coote, L. V. (2014). Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model.Journal of Business Research,67(8), 1609-1621. Madera, J. M., Dawson, M., Neal, J. A. (2017). Managers psychological diversity climate and fairness: The utility and importance of diversity management in the hospitality industry.Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality Tourism,16(3), 288-307. Schnackenberg, A. K., Tomlinson, E. C. (2016). Organizational transparency: A new perspective on managing trust in organization-stakeholder relationships.Journal of Management,42(7), 1784-1810. Stevens, G. C., Johnson, M. (2016). Integrating the Supply Chain 25 years on.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,46(1), 19-42.

Korean Immigrants and Refugees in New York

The Korean population in the US is about one million (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). This is an increase of 1500 percent since 1970 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Korean Immigrants and Refugees in New York specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Korean immigrants and refugees are concentrated in cities such as Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, San Francisco and Washington DC. New York is the second largest city with Korean population after Los Angeles this is attributed to its earliest link with early immigration of Koreans in the US. In New York, they are mostly found in Northern Boulevard, Flushing and Great Neck. Besides, they concentrated on Union Street on 35th and 41st street avenues in Flushing. Today, Korean population is the seventh largest population in the US (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000) Historical Background The Koreans migrated to the US in three consecutive phases. The early immigrants settled along the West Coast of the US. Mostly, they came to the US as students and farmers. Between 1905 and 1964, among the 600 Korean immigrants that moved to the US were composed of Korean political refugees who rebelled against the Japanese influence in Korea. They attended universities in Columbia, Princeton and New York. The second phase of Koreans to immigrate to the US occurred in 1950 to 1953, this was after the Korean War. It was prompted by strong Korean and US ties (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). The second phase noted more than 15,000 Koreans immigrate to the US. Similarly, the Hart-Celler Act, which the US government enacted in 1965, creating a maximum of number of immigrants at 30,000 per country, further encouraged the immigration of Koreans to US (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). By 1976, the Korean immigrants to the US reached the maximum limit of 30, 000 per year, this limit was maintained by the Koreans through 1980s. From 1980s to 2007, the number of Koreans immigrants in the US had increased. Critical to note about the Korean population in New York is the challenge of mental health. Depression among this population has increased steadily since they immigrated to New York; hence, it has affected their general health. Culture and cultural practices has created the acculturation stress which has amplified diagnosis of depression among the Koreans immigrants and refugees in New York.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Acculturation stress appoints to the difficulties a person faces while adapting to the daily tasks in a foreign environment (Jang, Kim Chiriboga, 2005). Korean population has to learn new language, deal with limited employment opportunities and face intergenerational cultural conflicts within the family. These sources of acculturation stresses have contributed to depression. Immigration stressors such as the loss of fr iends, disruption of extended family networks, traumatic journeys involving risks has played a significant factor for prevalent of depression among the Koreans immigrants and refugees in New York (Jang et al., 2005). Challenges of Koreans immigrants and refugees in New York Stigma towards depression is common. Koreans view that the presence of depression is a sign of weakness on the part of an individual, causing a sense of shame for an individual and the family (Karger Stoesz, 2010). Because of this factor, they feel reluctant to seek Western mental health services until they exhaust all other avenues of intervention (Hovey, Kim Seligman, 2006). This has complicated early intervention of depression. The Koreans seek specialized treatment when depression has advanced than was originally recognized by the individual. The challenge of differing levels of acculturation within the household has been cited by Kim, Kim and Kelly (2006) as a source of stress contributing to depression for immigrants and their families. Korean parents embrace Korean language whereas their US born children speak English with little Korean, thus, language barrier within the family has contributed to family conflicts. Also, the conflict of value difference has increased family suffering and individual psychopathology. Most Korean parents value education, social status, hard work and family ties (Hovey et al., 2006). On the other hand, their children are more interested in American mainstream values. These opposing conflicts have, in way, contributed to depressions among the Korean immigrants and refugees in New York (Karger Stoesz, 2010). Kim et al (2006) note the Korean population in New York has the lowest coverage of health insurance among other races in the US. Hence, this has had a far reaching implication on their mental health status. Although few Koreans work in highly specialized professions, majority of Koreans are self-employed and working in small businesses. Advertisin g We will write a custom assessment sample on Korean Immigrants and Refugees in New York specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These businesses do not guarantee employment based insurance; hence, many of them fail to access state sponsored health insurance schemes. These assertions complicate access to healthcare services through which intervention of depression would have effectively been handled. Strength of Korean immigrants and refugees in New York Despite the mental health related problems, Korean immigrants and refugees have strong family and shared values. Family and shared values help them maintain their emotional status, coping strategies and interpersonal relationship. Similarly, Koreans base their cultural orientation on Confucianism which emphasizes harmony in family and interpersonal relationship. In this context, sacrifice and patience of oneself is critical to family and interpersonal harmony. The Korean community churc hes play a critical role, it helps the Koreans achieve cultural, spiritual and social needs, of which are important in averting depression. The Koreans meet and maintain interactions with fellow Koreans besides helping them to preserve Korean language and culture (Kim et al., 2006). Moreover, the church provides vital information and other services for prospective immigrants so as they are better prepared in adjusting to the life in the US. Thus, these initiatives have been critical in reducing depression among them. Policies Affecting Korean immigrants and refugees in New York The challenge of medical cost sharing in state medcaid program has had far reaching effects on Koreans. The US government has advocated for this policy to enhance quality and efficient services in state run healthcare facilities. Medcaid is a policy where a person is required to pay out of pocket for medication. It occurs in a form of co-payment or copay. Cost sharing transfers the costs of healthcare to pa tients. This action has affected Koreans, particularly those with ongoing health problems or severe depression problems. Similarly, the US government implemented the Mental Health Parity Act in 1996. This act supports financial equity for lifetime mental health reimbursement and compels uniformity treatment limits. It also expands all equity provisions to dependence services. Although the act has been successful over the years until 2008 in providing financial equity, many insurance firms have used flaws in the act by applying disparate co-payments or fixing confines on the duration a patient spent in out-patient and in-patient treatment.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Impact of the Policies on Korean immigrants and Refugees Positive implication of the policies The cost sharing in state medcaid programme has positively transformed salaried Koreans who suffer from depression illness. Through this plan, Koreans are able to pay half of the cost of treatment while the rest is paid for by the state. On the other hand, Mental Health Parity Act has provided financial equity for Koreans who suffers from depression. This policy has ensured parity in disbursement of funds to all US citizens with mental illness. Negative Implications of the policies The policy of cost sharing has affected Koreans significantly. This is because many of them are not actively involved in active formal employments or are not salaried. Therefore, the policy has stressed the Koreans to an extent that those with acute depression complications are compelled to abandon medication, thus, this has amplified the severity of depression on this population. Similarly, the policy has burde ned the vulnerable patients, hence, reducing adherence to medications for depression conditions which ultimately has contributed to poor health outcomes and high costs. Though the Mental Health Parity Act has been instrumental in assisting Koreans access affordable mental healthcare, flaws in the act has made insurance firms to benefit on their behalf. Policy Gap These policies have failed to address Koreans plights in term of understanding their cultural barriers to mental health services, hence, this has resulted in what Hovey et al (2006) call a ‘cultural gap’. The policies formulated should aim at bridging this gap so as to break the stigma surrounding depression within this population. Policy Recommendation Language barrier has hampered communication between Koreans and healthcare givers in addressing depressions on Korean population (70 percent of Koreans speak Korean at home). This has augmented the severity of depression. A policy that will enhance communication will be significant in allowing Koreans with depression challenge to articulate their problems (Kim et al., 2006). Perhaps, the services of interpreters will prove useful in this case. Presently, Koreans face barriers because of lack of information on public programmes such as insurance cover and medcaid. Hence, engaging them directly through affordable and culturally sensitive healthcare options will be useful. Policy Advocacy A policy that encompasses mental needs of Koreans will provide an efficient way in which Koreans can augment their problems. Therefore, to come up with a working policy, all stakeholders need to be involved. Also, Korean immigrants and refugees should identify themselves as part of the American citizens and commit towards addressing the depression as it pertain to them. The issues presented should be brief and factual besides being supported with relevant statistics. This will allow relevant legislations to be enacted. Conclusion Depression has been a major issue of contention affecting the Korean population in New York. Factors such as stigma associated with depression, differing level of acculturation and lack of insurance cover has been noted as contributory factor for the cause of the illness. Despite these challenges, Koreans shared family values and the contribution of community ethnic churches has been significant in sustaining their strength and coping with the challenge. To ensure access to quality health care, the government has tried its best to come up with policies which can aid in preventing mental health problems among the Koreans. Although policies such as cost sharing in state medicare and Mental Health Act has played a critical role in guaranteeing Koreans access the needed intervention of the illness, their high cost and flaws associated with them has augmented the severity of the disease. Thus, policies which grants parity and inclusiveness will be vital in assisting them access quality healthcare and ensure a heal thy population References List Hovey, J. D., Kim, S. E., Seligman, L. D. (2006). The influences of cultural values, ethnic identity, and language use on the mental health of Korean American college students. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, (140), 5, 499-511. Jang, Y., Kim, G., Chiriboga, D. (2005). Acculturation and manifestation of depressive symptoms among Korean-American older adults. Aging Mental Health, (9),6, 500-507. Karger, H.J., and Stoesz, D. (2010). American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach (6th Edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Kim, I. J., Kim, L, I. C., Kelly, J. G. (2006). Developing cultural competence in working with Korean immigrant families. Journal of Community Psychology, (34), 2, 149-165. U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Population Census. Washington, DC: United States Department of Commerce. This assessment on Korean Immigrants and Refugees in New York was written and submitted by user Sue Storm to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Sun Also Rises Essays - English-language Films, Free Essays

The Sun Also Rises Essays - English-language Films, Free Essays The Sun Also Rises The Hemingway Hero Prevalent among many of Ernest Hemingway's novels is the concept popularly known as the Hemingway hero, an ideal character readily accepted by American readers as a man's man. In The Sun Also Rises, four different men are compared and contrasted as they engage in some form of relationship with Lady Brett Ashley, a near-nymphomaniac Englishwoman who indulges in her passion for sex and control. Brett plans to marry her fiancee for superficial reasons, completely ruins one man emotionally and spiritually, separates from another to preserve the idea of their short-lived affair and to avoid self-destruction, and denies and disgraces the only man whom she loves most dearly. All her relationships occur in a period of months, as Brett either accepts or rejects certain values or traits of each man. Brett, as a dynamic and self-controlled woman, and her four love interests help demonstrate Hemingway's standard definition of a man and/or masculinity. Each man Brett has a relationship with in the novel possesses distinct qualities that enable Hemingway to explore what it is to truly be a man. The Hemingway man thus presented is a man of action, of self-discipline and self-reliance, and of strength and courage to confront all weaknesses, fears, failures, and even death. Jake Barnes, as the narrator and supposed hero of the novel, fell in love with Brett some years ago and is still powerfully and uncontrollably in love with her. However, Jake is unfortunately a casualty of the war, having been emasculated in a freak accident. Still adjusting to his impotence at the beginning of the novel, Jake has lost all power and desire to have sex. Because of this, Jake and Brett cannot be lovers and all attempts at a relationship that is sexually fulfilling are simply futile. Brett is a passionate, lustful woman who is driven by the most intimate and loving act two may share, something that Jake just cannot provide her with. Jake's emasculation only puts the two in a grandly ironic situation. Brett is an extremely passionate woman but is denied the first man she feels true love and admiration for. Jake has loved Brett for years and cannot have her because of his inability to have sex. It is obvious that their love is mutual when Jake tries to kiss Brett in their cab ride home: 'You mustn't. You must know. I can't stand it, that's all. Oh darling, please understand!', 'Don't you love me?', 'Love you? I simply turn all to jelly when you touch me' (26, Ch. 4). This scene is indicative of their relationship as Jake and Brett hopelessly desire each other but realize the futility of further endeavors. Together, they have both tried to defy reality, but failed. Jake is frustrated by Brett's reappearance into his life and her confession that she is miserably unhappy. Jake asks Brett to go off with him to the country for bit: 'Couldn't we go off in the country for a while?', 'It wouldn't be any good. I'll go if you like. But I couldn't live quietly in the country. Not with my own true love', 'I know', 'Isn't it rotten? There isn't any use my telling you I love you', 'You know I love you', 'Let's not talk. Talking's all bilge' (55, Ch. 7). Brett declines Jake's pointless attempt at being together. Both Brett and Jake know that any relationship beyond a friendship cannot be pursued. Jake is still adjusting to his impotence while Brett will not sacrifice a sexual relationship for the man she loves. Since Jake can never be Brett's lover, they are forced to create a new relationship for themselves, perhaps one far more dangerous than that of mere lovers - they have become best friends. This presents a great difficulty for Jake, because Brett's presence is both pleasurable and agonizing for him. Brett constantly reminds him of his handicap and thus Jake is challenged as a man in the deepest, most personal sense possible. After the departure of their first meeting, Jake feels miserable: This was Brett, that I had felt like crying about. Then I thought of her walking up the street and of course in a little while I felt like hell again (34, Ch. 4). Lady Brett Ashley serves

It depends on the writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

It depends on the writing - Essay Example On the contrary, you find the same bosses, employers or supervisors advising on safety and against overloading. Despite all the overload, there is little motivation done to the workers as they still the same amount of compensation they get on normal routine. The cartoonist, Rick Enright, has been creating cartoons that especially criticize on industries, motivation, work effort, enthusiasm, delegation and responsibility, weights and heavy lifting which are mostly published on the website: jantoo.com (Enright 1). In his cartoon above, there are two people with uniforms and helmet, representing workers. However, between the two workers, one is adding more load onto the other’s already heed load. At the same time, the one adding the load is giving out a caution that the one being loaded should not to â€Å"over-do it.† The writing, â€Å"SAFETY FIRST† is put here to show how people usually say what they don’t actually mean. This is because, if one was to put safety first, then there was not supposed to be the overloading to the point that some boxes have even fallen. The fallen box shows how the rate of overload to an extent that some cannot be attended to. If we take the loader to be the one delegating responsi bilities, we can say that the cartoon depicts a situation where those who delegate duties usually try to show they care about your safety, so they advise you not to overload yourself. However, in the real sense, it is them; the loaders, or those who delegate duties, who delegate much responsibilities and duties to you. One might wonder whether it true that these people really mean what they say. The main problem here, is that these delegators would like to accomplish targets. By so doing, they delegate excess duties to their juniors to be accomplished within a shorter period. On the contrary, when it comes to the time of giving bonuses, the same delegators do not remember those who really worked hard and deserves the bonus. Instead, those who do not

Banking policy in Burma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Banking policy in Burma - Essay Example The indigenous banks of Burma were not started, until after the county’s independence in 1948.The banks that started operations in Burma during the colonial times, targeted the export trade of rice. They centralized their operations around Rangoon, engaging mainly in Chettiar lending, except a few like Dawson’s bank, which exited Burma after the 1942 invasion by the Japanese (Econ 335 a). Remarkable in the philosophical and the ideological banking profile of colonial Burma, are the exchange banks, which initiated western banking services at Burma. These exchange banks trace their origins to the trading firms of Burma, which mediated the commercial dealings of Burma with the outside world – throughout the nineteenth century. These firms include the Wallace Brothers, which was a remarkable example of the transition from being merchants, towards assuming the role of merchant bankers. By the end of the 19th century, the traders and the merchants that had operated as banks across the British Empire, either converted or left business for international banks. Most of these banks were headquartered at London, including Lloyds Bank and the National Bank of India (Econ 335 a). Most of the banks did not engage in the service of the entire population, particularly the countryside, but focused on the financing of rice trade, among a few other commodities at Rangoon. The finances of these banks were mostly outsourced from outside Burma, particularly London; the banks, later diversified towards the collection of deposits from European professionals, managers, and Burmese and Indian traders. The banking sector of colonial Burma was characterized by trade finance and the sale of bills of exchange. The bill of exchange is among the finance tools that revolutionized international trade during the nineteenth century; the instrument allowed exporters to receive the value of their exports, immediately after the sale of the exports, and in the local currency. The service was offered by exchange banks, which marked a reduction in the risks borne by exporters and importers; it also increased their access to credit. The bills of exchange were a short-term credit instrument, ordinarily 60 days, and not longer than 90 days. Banking institutions like the British banks, concentrated in the provision of financial services, and funding to businesses, particularly European as well as the colonial administration and its agencies. For instance, the Imperial bank offered wholesale financing to Chettairs, thus was an import financier of the Burmese agricultural sector. Despite the dominance of British banks, non-British exchange banks like Citibank started their operations in Asia, during 1812. The bank started its operations at Rangoon in 1919. For example, some Chinese banks arrived into Burma, immediately after the completion of Burma Road, in 1938 targeting the upcoming opportunities (Econ 335 a). There was the rise of Burmese banks, including  "U Rai Gyaw Thoo and Dawson’s Bank†. Dawson’s Bank was started in 1905, with the role of assisting Burmese agricultural players, so that they could free their lands from Indian-money-tenders. The local banks sought closeness to the farmers, so that they would ensure that they would get cheap credit, and, so that the banks would ensure that they used the money for the specified purpose. U Rai Gyaw Thoo was among the first Burmese-operated and owned bank, which grew out of shipping, trading and money lending. There